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The purpose of this paper is to study the essential characteristics of grey relational degree of proximity, to analyse the abstract meaning of grey relational degree of similarity and fully consider the two different relational degree models.

The paper constructed the grey proximity relational degree by using the weighted mean distance. To analyse the motivation of the development of things, this paper constructed the grey similarity degree by using the concept of induced strength. Finally, the two correlation models are weighted by reliability weighting.

The research finding shows that the distance is the essence of the grey relational degree of proximity, and the induced strength is a good explanation of the similarities in the development of things.

The analyses imply that the total amount of water consumption in China has the greatest correlation with the consumption of agricultural water resources, followed by the consumption of industrial water resources, and the least correlation with the consumption of domestic water resources.

The paper succeeds in realizing the essential characteristics of grey relational degree of proximity and the abstract meaning of grey relational degree of similarity. Besides, the resolution of the correlation degree can be greatly improved by reliability weighting.

This study aims to explore the relationship between fraud triangle theory (FTT) and the accounting fraud phenomenon in all listed companies in China.

The CSMAR database is used as the sample, including 16,063 data of all listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen markets for the 2010–2020 period. The authors also use quantitative methods, such as regression analysis, to investigate the relationship between five variables (cover three elements of FTT) and fraud occurrence.

Results show that leverage and liquidity ratios positively affect fraud detection, whereas return on net equity, audit size and independent director percentage negatively affect fraud detection.

This study enriches theoretical research on the causes of accounting fraud in China and is of great significance to the sound development of China’s capital market.

Tour guides often use humor to entertain tourists, but the process of tour guide humor (TGH) affecting tourists’ positive word of mouth (PWOM) remains unclear. To fill the gap, this study aims to investigate how TGH enhances tourists’ PWOM through perceived relationship investment, perceived wellness value and trust in tour guides.

A comprehensive mediation model was proposed based on social exchange theory (SET). Data were obtained from 335 tour group tourists and analyzed using structural equation modeling.

Results present that TGH positively predicts tourists’ PWOM. Perceived relationship investment, perceived wellness value and trust in tour guides not only play mediating roles between TGH and tourists’ PWOM, respectively, but also jointly provide two sequential mediation paths (TGH → perceived relationship investment → trust in tour guides → tourists’ PWOM and TGH → perceived wellness value → trust in tour guides → tourists’ PWOM).

The findings have practical value for tour guides and travel agencies to use TGH to improve tourists’ PWOM.

The major contribution is that a reciprocity-based framework rooted in SET was proposed to parse the complex process of TGH promoting tourists’ PWOM. Furthermore, this study enriches current knowledge by confirming that perceived wellness value is not only available in wellness tourism but can be experienced from TGH in mass tourism.

Recently, the constrained surface projection stereolithography (SL) technology is gaining wider attention and has been widely used in the 3D printing industry. In constrained surface projection SL systems, the separation of a newly cured layer from the constrained surface is a historical technical barrier. It greatly limits printable size, process reliability and print speed. Moreover, over-large separation force leads to adhesion failures in manufacturing processes, causing broken constrained surface and part defects. Against this background, this paper investigates the formation of separation forces and various factors that affect the separation process in constrained surface projection SL systems.

A bottom-up projection SL testbed, integrated with an in-situ separation force measurement unit, is developed for experimental study. Separation forces under various manufacturing process settings and constrained surface conditions are measured in situ. Additionally, physical models are constructed by considering the liquid resin filling process. Experiments are conducted to investigate influences of manufacturing process settings, constrained surface condition and print geometry on separation forces.

Separation forces increase linearly with the separation speed. The deformation and the oxygen inhibition layer near the constrained surface greatly reduce separation forces. The printing area, area/perimeter ratio and the degree of porousness of print geometries have a combined effect on determining separation forces.

This paper studied factors that influence separation force in constrained surface SL processes. Constrained surface conditions including oxygen inhibition layer thickness, deformation and oxygen permeation capability were investigated, and their influences on separation forces were revealed. Moreover, geometric factors of printing layers that are significant on determining separation forces have been identified and quantified. This study on separation forces provides a solid base for future work on adaptive control of constrained surface projection SL processes.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of phytic acid on cupronickel B30 surface of anticorrosion and inhibiting mechanisms.

Electrochemical and photocurrent response methods were performed to determine the effect of phytic acid SAMs on cupronickel B30.

The results indicated that phytic acid was liable to interact with B30 as a result of formation of complexes on B30 surface for anti‐rust and anti‐corrosion. The SAMs changed the structure of the electrochemical double layer and made the value of double layer capacitance decrease significantly. The B30 electrode showed p‐type photoresponse, which came from Cu₂O layer on its surface. The photoresponse decreased greatly due to the SAMs of phytic acid as the corrosion resisting property was enhanced. This finding was in good agreement with the results obtained from EIS and polarization curves. Adsorption of phytic acid was found to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the adsorption mechanism was typical of chemisorption.

The SAMs of phytic acid on cupronickel B30 was gained for the first time. The photo‐electrochemical method was an in situ method, which was effective for characterizing optical and electronic properties of passive films.

Sensor arrays and pattern recognition-based electronic nose (E-nose) is a typical detection and recognition instrument for indoor air quality (IAQ). The E-nose is able to monitor several pollutants in the air by mimicking the human olfactory system. Formaldehyde concentration prediction is one of the major functionalities of the E-nose, and three typical machine learning (ML) algorithms are most frequently used, including back propagation (BP) neural network, radial basis function (RBF) neural network and support vector regression (SVR).

This paper comparatively evaluates and analyzes those three ML algorithms under controllable environment, which is built on a marketable sensor arrays E-nose platform. Variable temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and pollutant concentrations (C) conditions were measured during experiments to support the investigation.

Regression models have been built using the above-mentioned three typical algorithms, and in-depth analysis demonstrates that the model of the BP neural network results in a better prediction performance than others.

Finally, the empirical results prove that ML algorithms, combined with low-cost sensors, can make high-precision contaminant concentration detection indoor.

The purpose of this paper is to provide useful information pertaining to the corrosion inhibition mechanism of BTA and its derivatives on copper.

The photoelectrochemical behavior of copper electrodes in buffered borax solutions (pH 9.2) containing BTA and its derivatives was comparatively studied by using a photoelectrochemical technique. It was possible to analyze the inhibition mechanism of the derivatives of BTA for copper corrosion from the photoelectrochemical results. The photoresponse of the Cu electrode in buffered borax solutions containing BTA and its derivatives was measured. Different concentrations and different kinds of inhibitors may result in different photoresponses on the Cu electrode in buffered borax solutions.

The photoresponse for copper electrodes in solutions containing a certain amount of BTA exhibits an n‐type response during anodic polarization and, the greater the n‐type photoresponse, the better the performance of the inhibitor. The photoresponse for copper electrodes in solutions containing 4CBTA, or 5CBTA, or CBT‐1, always exhibited p‐type behavior during anodic polarization, but the photoresponse changed very evidently during cathodic polarization. The larger the maximum cathodic photocurrent, then the greater was the effectiveness of the corrosion inhibitor. In consequence, it is possible to evaluate inhibitors according to Φ_V and i_ph at more negative potentials. The more negative the Φ_V and i_ph, the better is the inhibition. It was shown that the inhibition mechanism of the derivatives of BTA with a −COOH group was different from that occurring with ester groups. The former could make the Cu₂O film on the Cu electrode thicker. The photocurrent was observed to increase when the potential was scanned to more negative potentials in the presence of certain concentrated inhibitors. It is therefore possible to evaluate the performance of inhibitors according to the value of the cathodic photocurrent. The larger the cathodic photocurrent, the better is the inhibition effect of the compound. The latter could increase the density of the polymer film on the copper electrode and prevent O²⁻ in the solution from entering the copper surface and changing the stoichiometric ratio of Cu₂O. The photocurrent type could transfer from p‐ to n‐type according to the action of certain concentrated inhibitors when the potential was scanned to more positive potentials. The value of the anodic photocurrent can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of inhibition. The larger the anodic photocurrent, the greater is the inhibition effect.

The paper provides useful information pertaining to the corrosion inhibition mechanism of BTA and its derivatives on copper. The photoelectrochemical technique is an effective method with which to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors and to investigate the mechanism of corrosion inhibition on copper.

The purpose of this paper is to make a comprehensive analysis of 354 publications about Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) from 2013 to 2020 in order to comprehensively understand their historical progress and current situation, as well as future development trend.

First, this paper describes the fundamental information of these publications on PFSs, including their data information, annual trend and prediction and basic features. Second, the most productive and influential authors, countries/regions, institutions and the most cited documents are presented in the form of evaluation indicators. Third, with the help of VOSviewer software, the visualization analysis is conducted to show the development status of PFSs publications at the level of authors, countries/regions, institutions and keywords. Finally, the burst detection of keywords, timezone review and timeline review are exported from CiteSpace software to analyze the hotspots and development trend on PFSs.

The annual PFSs publications present a quickly increasing trend. The most productive author is Wei Guiwu (China). Wei Guiwu and Wei Cun have the strongest cooperative relationship.

The implication of this study is to provide a comprehensive perspective for the scholars who take a fancy to PFSs, and it is valuable for scholars to grasp the hotspots in this field in time.

It is the first paper that uses the bibliometric analysis to comprehensively analyze the publications on PFSs. It can help the scholars in the field of PFSs to quickly understand the development status and trend of PFSs.

The aim of this paper is to study the inhibition effect of environmentally friendly inhibitors; polyaspartic acid (PASP), Na₂WO₄ and the complex of PASP and Na₂WO₄ for brass and Cu30Ni alloy (B30) corrosion in simulated cooled water solutions.

The inhibiting effect was investigated in simulated cooled water solutions by potentiodynamic polarization (DC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

The results indicated that PASP and Na₂WO₄ both had an inhibition effect. A desirable inhibition effect was shown for brass and B30 corrosion at a PASP concentration of 15 mg/L. The best inhibition effects for Na₂WO₄ appeared at 10 mg/L for B30 corrosion and at 20 mg/L for brass, respectively. The combination of PASP and Na₂WO₄ showed a synergistic effect. The optimum ratio of PASP to Na₂WO₄ was 6:1 at the total inhibitor concentration of 20 mg/L.

This paper has for the first time showed that the two environmentally friendly inhibitors PASP and Na₂WO₄ had an inhibition effect for brass and B30 corrosion and the complex of PASP and Na₂WO₄ had good synergistic effect for brass and B30 corrosion in simulated cooled water solutions.